Area 51 and its purpose declassified: No UFOs, but lots of U-2 spy planes

A satellite image shows the salt flat known as Groom Lake and its associated airstrip facilities at Nevada’s Area 51. photo credit: DigitalGlobe / Google Maps

A newly declassified CIA history from 20 years ago spills the story about Nevada’s Area 51 and its secret mission — which was not to study UFOs, but to test the U-2 and other spy planes.

The CIA’s story about the legendary test site is contained in “The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: the U-2 and Oxcart Programs.” The document was approved for release in June, with just a few remaining redactions, in response to a Freedom of Information request filed by George Washington University’s National Security Archive back in 2005.

Much of the material was already known to Area 51 aficionados. “Nearly all of the newly released information is already in my books,” British author Chris Pocock said in a commentary distributed by the National Security Archive. But the fact that Area 51 is explicitly mentioned in a publicly available document is nevertheless notable.

“It marks an end to official secrecy about the facts of Area 51,” Jeffrey Richelson, a senior fellow with the National Security Archive,told the Las Vegas Sun. “It opens up the possibility that future accounts of this and other aerial projects will be less redacted, more fully explained in terms of their presence in Area 51.”

The book describes how officials involved in planning the spy-plane projects flew over the Nevada desert in a small plane in April 1955, looking for sites suitable for secret tests. “They spotted what appeared to be an airstrip by a salt flat known as Groom Lake, near the northeast corner of the Atomic Energy Commission’s (AEC) Nevada Proving Ground,” the book’s authors wrote.

CIA via National Security Archive

A declassified map shows Area 51 in the Nevada desert.

The facility had been used during World War II as an aerial gunnery range, and the officials decided it would be “an ideal site for testing the U-2 and training its pilots,” according to the book. The AEC agreed to add the area to its real estate holdings, “and President Eisenhower also approved the addition of this strip of wasteland, known by its map designation as Area 51, to the Nevada Test Site.”

The authors of the CIA history, Gregory Pedlow and Donald Welzenbach, said the site was nicknamed “Paradise Ranch,” or simply the Ranch, to make it sound more attractive to the test project’s workers. The first U-2 test flight took place at Area 51 on Aug. 4, 1955, and over the years that followed, the site was used for training U-2 pilots.

The Groom Lake facility was also used for development of the U-2 spy plane’s successors, including the Lockheed A-12 Oxcart and the D-21 Tagboard. Later on, Area 51 served as a test site for the F-117 stealth fighter. To this day, the area surrounding the facility has been closely guarded, and the airspace is off-limits to civilian air traffic.

Such high levels of secrecy, combined with the occasional sightings of strange aircraft, have fueled UFO tales for decades. For example, in a 2011 book titled “Area 51,” investigative journalist Annie Jacobsen quoted her sources as saying that wreckage from the Roswell UFO incident ended up at Area 51 for study.

As one would expect, the CIA book makes no mention of Roswell or alien spacecraft.